Parnassius smintheus -- on the Alpine tundra in Colorado (© James Adams, 2005)



SURVIVORSHIP CURVES

EXAMPLES:      

                                   Type I                                                                            Type II


                Type III




Age Structure -- Trees:  White Oaks in Illinois                          Rio Grande Cottonwood in New Mexico      

SURVIVORSHIP -- much more complex than simply type I, II, or III

           Example:  Finch (Geospiza conirostris) on the Galapagos